Cardano
Cardano Leios Testnet Records 26.8 TxkB/s Data Throughput During Scalability Testing
Public testing for Cardano's Leios upgrade reached a data throughput peak as founder Charles Hoskinson highlighted the milestone for network completion.
Cardano's Leios upgrade recorded a peak data throughput of 26.8 TxkB/s during the Earth phase of Musashi Dojo testnet trials. The figure, which measures transaction data per second rather than raw transactions per second, represents roughly six times the capacity limit of the current Praos consensus framework.
The Leios architecture operates as an extension to the Ouroboros protocol rather than a replacement for Praos. Under this design, block producers generate larger endorser blocks alongside standard Praos blocks, which are then validated by a stake-weighted committee to enhance overall network throughput.
In an exchange on October 17, 2026, founder Charles Hoskinson described the Leios mainnet deployment as the final requirement in his personal criteria for a complete Cardano network, citing foundational pillars such as on-chain governance, Plutus, and scalability. The first phase, Linear Leios, is targeted for inclusion in the Dijkstra hard fork in late 2026, subject to stake pool readiness, parameter adjustments, and governance voting.
Separately, Hoskinson referenced an early conceptual framework for Midnight, a privacy-oriented partner network that he termed the magnum opus of his career. However, no technical specifications, formal designs, or launch schedules were detailed for the project.
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