Cardano
Cardano outlines two-phase Dijkstra upgrade for 2026 and 2027
Cardano is planning a staged network upgrade introducing Ouroboros Linear Leios in late 2026 and Ouroboros Peras in mid-2027 to boost throughput and settlement speed.
Cardano has mapped out a two-phase Dijkstra era upgrade. Phase 1, targeting code completion in Q4 2026, will activate Ouroboros Linear Leios under Protocol Version 12. Phase 2 is planned for Q2 2027 and will introduce Ouroboros Peras, focused on faster settlement through a stake-pool voting layer. Both stages require testnet deployment and on-chain governance approval before mainnet activation.
Linear Leios will increase transaction capacity by introducing supplementary Endorser Blocks alongside the existing Praos Ranking Blocks. These Endorser Blocks reference additional transactions that can be processed after certification by a stake-based committee, which requires a 75% quorum of active stake. If no certified Endorser Block exists, the network continues processing transactions through the standard Praos mechanism. This approach expands capacity without requiring larger blocks or faster slots.
Phase 1 will also introduce structural changes necessary for Peras activation, including nested transactions that allow transactions to contain child transactions with independent witnesses and execution contexts. Guard scripts will be added, enabling transaction validity observation without execution as part of spending or minting. The phase will also bring codec extensions and protocol parameter updates that cannot be deployed during an intra-era hard fork.
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